Password settings

The settings for Umbraco passwords are configurable in appsettings. There are two different configuration objects - One for Umbraco Members and one for Users.

For more information see the Security Settings documentation.

Password reset settings

Umbraco backend users can reset their own password, or if they try too much, have a locked out account.

To deactivate the User password reset look at the Umbraco Settings Security section.

To configure password reset verify the Backoffice Login Password Reset section.

Other security settings

• The Umbraco timeout in minutes

• disableAlternativeTemplates If set to false this can be used to try to render pages in a way that they are not supposed to

• disableFindContentByIdPath If set to false this can be used to do an enumeration of the nodes in your website and find hidden pages.

• Umbraco Forms: AntiForgeryToken and DisableFormCaching

Since ASP.NET Core 7, you can use the built-in rate limiting middleware to rate limit your APIs. You can apply the EnableRateLimiting and DisableRateLimiting attributes to add rate limiting on a controller or endpoint level. In this article, we will go through how you can configure and utilize different rate limiting strategies for Umbraco APIs.

What is rate limiting?

Rate limiting helps control the number of requests to an API, typically within a specified time frame or based on other parameters. This ensures the stability, availability, and security of your APIs. The key benefits are:

• Preventing server or application overload

• Improving security and protecting against DDoS attacks

• Reducing unnecessary resource usage, thereby cutting down on costs

Configuring rate limiting

You can configure rate limiting in Umbraco by composition. To use the middleware, you need to register the rate limiting services first:

public class ApiRateLimiterComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(rateLimiterOptions =>
        {
            // Default is 503 (Service Unavailable)
            rateLimiterOptions.RejectionStatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;

            // Write your code to configure the middleware here (rate limiting policies)
        });
    }
}

After that, you have to apply the RateLimitingMiddleware by creating an Umbraco pipeline filter. UseRateLimiter() must be called after UseRouting(), therefore we use the PostRouting to make sure this happens in the correct order:

public class ApiRateLimiterComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        builder.Services.Configure<UmbracoPipelineOptions>(options =>
        {
            options.AddFilter(new UmbracoPipelineFilter("UmbracoApiRateLimiter")
            {
                PostRouting = postRouting =>
                {
                    // Apply the RateLimitingMiddleware
                    // Must be called after UseRouting()
                    postRouting.UseRateLimiter();
                }
            });
        });
    }
}

With the set-up in place, let's take a look at some limiter options.

Global limiter

Inside AddRateLimiter() we can use the GlobalLimiter option to set a global rate limiter for all requests:

            // Write your code to configure the middleware here (rate limiting policies)

            // Use GlobalLimiter for all requests
            rateLimiterOptions.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
            {
                return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(
                    partitionKey: httpContext.Request.Headers.Host.ToString(), 
                    partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                    {
                        PermitLimit = 2,
                        Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
                        AutoReplenishment = true
                    });
            });

In the above example, we have added a FixedWindowLimiter and configured it to automatically replenish permitted requests and permit 2 requests per 10 seconds. There are different algorithms and techniques for implementing rate limiting, which can vary depending on your use case. For more information, check the currently supported rate limiter algorithms.

Limit specific endpoints

If you want to be more granular, you can configure different rate limits for different endpoints in AddRateLimiter() as well:

            // Write your code to configure the middleware here (rate limiting policies)

            // Add specific rate limiting policies
            rateLimiterOptions.AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: "fixed1", options =>
            {
                options.PermitLimit = 2;
                options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
                options.AutoReplenishment = true;
            });
            
            rateLimiterOptions.AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: "fixed2", options =>
            {
                options.PermitLimit = 5;
                options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
                options.AutoReplenishment = true;
            });

In the code snippet above, we have configured 2 fixed window limiters with different settings, and different policy names ("fixed1" and "fixed2"). We can apply these policies to specific endpoints within Umbraco using the same UmbracoPipelineFilter:

                    // Applying EnableRateLimitingAttribute to specific endpoint
                    postRouting.Use(async (context, next) =>
                    {
                        // Limit specific controller(s)
                        var controllerName = ControllerExtensions.GetControllerName<AuthenticationController>();
                        var actionName = nameof(AuthenticationController.PostRequestPasswordReset);

                        var currentEndpoint = context.GetEndpoint();
                        var actionDescriptor = currentEndpoint?.Metadata.GetMetadata<ControllerActionDescriptor>();

                        // Apply rate limiting logic based on your conditions
                        if (currentEndpoint is not null &&
                            actionDescriptor is not null &&
                            actionDescriptor.ControllerName == controllerName &&
                            actionDescriptor.ActionName == actionName)
                        {
                            // Apply rate limiting logic based on your conditions
                            
                            // Add Attribute to endpoint's metadata
                            var endpointMetadataCollection = new EndpointMetadataCollection(
                                new List<object>(currentEndpoint.Metadata)
                                {
                                    new EnableRateLimitingAttribute("fixed1")
                                });

                            // Update endpoint
                            var updatedEndpoint = new Endpoint(
                                currentEndpoint.RequestDelegate,
                                endpointMetadataCollection,
                                currentEndpoint.DisplayName);

                            context.SetEndpoint(updatedEndpoint);
                        }

                        await next.Invoke();
                    });

This part of the code shows how to apply the fixed1 policy to the AuthenticationController.PostRequestPasswordReset endpoint, responsible for handling password reset requests. We can do that by dynamically modifying the endpoint's metadata - attaching the EnableRateLimitingAttribute with the name of the policy which needs to be applied. This enables us to enforce the defined rate limits on a particular endpoint.

For your reference, here is the complete ApiRateLimiterComposer.cs implementation.

using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Controllers;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Cms.Web.BackOffice.Controllers;
using Umbraco.Cms.Web.Common.ApplicationBuilder;

namespace Umbraco.Docs.Samples;

public class ApiRateLimiterComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        // Register the rate limiting services
        builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(rateLimiterOptions =>
        {
            // Default is 503 (Service Unavailable)
            rateLimiterOptions.RejectionStatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;

            // Use GlobalLimiter for all requests
            // rateLimiterOptions.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
            // {
            //     return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(
            //         partitionKey: httpContext.Request.Headers.Host.ToString(),
            //         partition => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
            //         {
            //             PermitLimit = 2,
            //             Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
            //             AutoReplenishment = true
            //         });
            // });

            // Add specific rate limiting policies
            rateLimiterOptions.AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: "fixed1", options =>
            {
                options.PermitLimit = 2;
                options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
                options.AutoReplenishment = true;
            });
            
            rateLimiterOptions.AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: "fixed2", options =>
            {
                options.PermitLimit = 5;
                options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
                options.AutoReplenishment = true;
            });
        });

        builder.Services.Configure<UmbracoPipelineOptions>(options =>
        {
            options.AddFilter(new UmbracoPipelineFilter("UmbracoApiRateLimiter")
            {
                PostRouting = postRouting =>
                {
                    // Applying EnableRateLimitingAttribute to specific endpoint
                    postRouting.Use(async (context, next) =>
                    {
                        // Limit specific controller(s)
                        var controllerName = ControllerExtensions.GetControllerName<AuthenticationController>();
                        var actionName = nameof(AuthenticationController.PostRequestPasswordReset);

                        var currentEndpoint = context.GetEndpoint();
                        var actionDescriptor = currentEndpoint?.Metadata.GetMetadata<ControllerActionDescriptor>();
                        
                        // Apply rate limiting logic based on your conditions
                        if (currentEndpoint is not null &&
                            actionDescriptor is not null &&
                            actionDescriptor.ControllerName == controllerName &&
                            actionDescriptor.ActionName == actionName)
                        {   
                            // Add EnableRateLimiting attribute to endpoint's metadata
                            var endpointMetadataCollection = new EndpointMetadataCollection(
                                new List<object>(currentEndpoint.Metadata)
                                {
                                    new EnableRateLimitingAttribute("fixed1")
                                });

                            // Update endpoint
                            var updatedEndpoint = new Endpoint(
                                currentEndpoint.RequestDelegate,
                                endpointMetadataCollection,
                                currentEndpoint.DisplayName);

                            context.SetEndpoint(updatedEndpoint);
                        }

                        await next.Invoke();
                    });

                    // Apply the RateLimitingMiddleware
                    // Must be called after UseRouting()
                    postRouting.UseRateLimiter();
                }
            });
        });
    }
}

In this article, you will find everything you need regarding security within Umbraco.

The Umbraco Trust Center (external)

On our main website, we have a dedicated security section which provides all the details you need to know about security within the Umbraco CMS. This includes how to report a vulnerability.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/HTTPS

We highly encourage the use of HTTPS on Umbraco websites, especially in production environments. By using HTTPS you greatly improve the security of your website.

In the "Use HTTPS" article you can learn more about how to use HTTPS and how to set it up.

Security Settings

Learn which password settings that can be configured in Umbraco.

Security Hardening

Learn about how to harden the security on your Umbraco website to secure it even further.

Security on Umbraco Cloud

When your project is hosted on Umbraco Cloud, you might be interested in more details about the security of the hosting. This information can be found in the Umbraco Cloud FAQs section of the documentation.

Backoffice users and website members (external)

Authentication for backoffice users and website members in Umbraco uses ASP.NET Core Identity which is a flexible and extendable framework for authentication.

Out of the box Umbraco ships with a custom ASP.NET Core Identity implementation which uses Umbraco's database data. Normally this is fine for most Umbraco developers, but in some cases the authentication process needs to be customized.

External login providers

The Umbraco users and members supports external login providers (OAuth) for performing authentication of your users/members. This could be any OpenIDConnect provider such as Entra ID/Azure Active Directory, Identity Server, Google or Facebook.

Two-factor authentication

The Umbraco members supports a two-factor authentication (2FA) abstraction for implementing a 2FA provider of your choice. This could be any Time-based One-time Password (TOTP) Algorithm, including Microsoft and Google Authenticator Apps

BackOfficeUserManager and Notifications

The BackOfficeUserManager is the ASP.NET Core Identity UserManager implementation in Umbraco. It exposes APIs for working with Umbraco Users via the ASP.NET Core Identity including password handling.

Custom password check

In most cases External login providers (OAuth) will meet the needs of most users when needing to authenticate with external resources. In some cases you may need to only change how the username and password credentials are checked.

This is typically a legacy approach to validating credentials with external resources but it is possible.

You are able to check the username and password against your own credentials store by implementing a IBackOfficeUserPasswordChecker.

Sensitive data on members

Marking fields as sensitive will hide the data in those fields for backoffice users that do not have permission to view personal data of members.

Learn more about this in the Sensitive Data article.

Setup Umbraco for a Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Compliant Server

How to configure Umbraco to run on a FIPS compliant server.

Reset admin password

Use this guide to reset the password of the "admin" user.

If you need to reset accounts of every other user while you still have administrative action, check this "reset normal user password" article.

Other articles related to security

• Routing requirements for backoffice authentication

• Health Checks

• Consent Service

Having the ability to replace the logic to validate a username and password against a custom data store is important to some developers. Normally in ASP.Net Core Identity this would require you to override the UmbracoBackOfficeUserManager.CheckPasswordAsync implementation and then replace the UmbracoBackOfficeUserManager with your own class during startup. Since this is a common task we've made this process a lot easier with an interface called IBackOfficeUserPasswordChecker.

Here are the steps to specify your own logic for validating a username and password for the backoffice:

1. Create an implementation of Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security.IBackOfficeUserPasswordChecker

   • There is one method in this interface: Task<BackOfficeUserPasswordCheckerResult> CheckPasswordAsync(BackOfficeIdentityUser user, string password);

   • The result of this method can be 3 things:

     • ValidCredentials = The credentials entered are valid and the authorization should proceed

     • InvalidCredentials = The credentials entered are not valid and the authorization process should return an error

     • FallbackToDefaultChecker = This is an optional result which can be used to fallback to Umbraco's default authorization process if the credentials could not be verified by your own custom implementation

   For example, to always allow login when the user enters the password test you could do:

2. Register the MyPasswordChecker in your Program.cs file:

There is one default admin user in any Umbraco installation. This is the first user of the system.

Step one: Clear the connection string status in configuration

The first step is to clear the connection string to the database in the configuration. This is done to trigger the installation wizard.

That means that in your appsettings configuration files it should look like this:

Step Two: Run the installer

If you now open your browser and surf to the website, you will see that the installer launches. Enter your new details, and use the original connection string. You are good to go.

It's impossible to brute force the authentication on the login screen because after MaxFailedAccessAttemptsBeforeLockout the account of the user will be locked, and until that account is unlocked in the Users section, no attempt will succeed.

Password reset on login screen

When you submit the password reset form, an email is sent to the user with a link. This link contains a random token for this user that is valid for 24 hours.

The settings AllowPasswordReset is documented in the and e-mail configuration settings in

Password reset of a non-existing user

If the user that is specified in the form does not exist, no e-mail will be sent and there will be no response in the form that this user does not exist. This is done to prevent leaking which users have an account.

Password reset of a locked user

If a user is locked out, it is possible to do a password reset. After the e-mail with the password reset link is followed, the user will still be locked out unless the user has specified the new password, in which case the user will automatically be unlocked.

Reset admin user password

If you lost the admin user password and you need to reset it, .

Both the Umbraco backoffice users and website members support external login providers (OAuth) for performing authentication. This could be any OpenIDConnect provider such as Entra ID/Azure Active Directory, Identity Server, Google, or Facebook.

Install an appropriate Nuget package for the provider you wish to use. Some popular ones found in Nuget include:

Try it out

Extend core functionality

When you are implementing your own custom authentication on Users and/or Members on your Umbraco CMS website, you are effectively extending existing features.

The process requires adding a couple of new classes (.cs files) to your Umbraco project:

To register these two classes in Umbraco CMS you need to add them to the Program.cs file.

Auto-linking

Traditionally, a backoffice User or frontend Member will need to exist in Umbraco first. Once they exist there, they can link their user account to an external login provider.

In many cases, however, the external login provider you install will be the source of truth for all of your users and members.

In this case, you will want to provide a Single Sign On (SSO) approach to logging in. This would enable the creating of user accounts on the external login provider and then automatically give them access to Umbraco. This is called auto-Linking.

Local logins

When have auto-linking configured, then any auto-linked user or member will have an empty password assigned. This means that they will not be able to log in locally (via username and password). In order to log in locally, they will have to assign a password to their account in the backoffice or the edit profile page.

For users specifically, if the DenyLocalLogin option is enabled, all password-changing functionality in the backoffice is disabled and local login is not possible.

Transferring Claims from External identities

In some cases, you may want to flow a Claim returned in your external login provider to the Umbraco backoffice identity's Claims. This could be the authentication cookie. Flowing Claims between the two can be done during the OnAutoLinking and OnExternalLogin.

The reason for wanted to flow a Claim could be to store the external login provider user ID into the backoffice identity cookie. It can then be retrieved on each request to look up data in another system needing the current user ID from the external login provider.

Example

This is a simplistic example of brevity including no null checks, etc.

Storing external login provider data

In some cases, you may need to persist data from your external login provider like Access Tokens, etc.

You can persist this data to the affiliated user's external login data via the IExternalLoginWithKeyService. The void Save(Guid userOrMemberKey,IEnumerable<IExternalLoginToken> tokens) overload takes a new model of type IEnumerable<IExternalLogin>.

IExternalLogin contains a property called UserData. This is a blob text column which can store any arbitrary data for the external login provider.

Auto-linking on backoffice authentication

For some providers, it does not make sense to use auto-linking. This is especially true for public providers such as Google or Facebook.

In those cases, it would mean that anyone who has a Google or Facebook account can log into your site.

If auto-linking for public providers such as these was needed you would need to limit the access. This can be done by domain or other information provided in the claims using the options/callbacks specified in those provider's authentication options.

Auto-linking on Member authentication

Auto-linking on Member authentication only makes sense if you have a public member registration already or the provider does not have public account creation.

Generic examples

The following section presents a series of generic examples.

"Provider" is used to replace place of the names of actual external login providers. When you implement your own custom authentication, you will need to use the correct method names for the chosen provider.

Custom-named configuration

The configuration file is used to configure a handful of different options for the authentication setup. A generic example of such file is shown below.

Advanced properties

Additionally, more advanced custom properties can be added to the BackOfficeExternalLoginProviderOptions.

BackOfficeExternalLoginProviderOptions.CustomBackOfficeView

• You want to display something different where external login providers are listed: in the login screen vs the backoffice panel vs on the logged-out screen. This same view will render in all of these cases but you can use the current route parameters to customize what is shown.

• You want to change how the button interacts with the external login provider. For example, instead of having the site redirect on button-click, you want to open a popup window to load the external login provider.

The path to the custom view is a virtual path, like this example: "~/App_Plugins/MyPlugin/BackOffice/my-external-login.js".

When a custom view is specified it is 100% up to this module to perform all required logic.

The module should define a Custom Element and export it as default. The Custom Element can optionally declare a number of properties to be passed to it. These properties are:

• providerName: The name of the provider. This is the same name as the provider's scheme name.

• displayName: The display name of the provider. This is the same display name as the provider's display name.

• externalLoginUrl: The URL to redirect to when the button is clicked.

• userViewState: The current view state of the user. This can be one of the following values:

  • loggingIn: The user is on the login screen.

  • loggedIn: The user is on the backoffice panel.

  • loggedOut: The user clicked the logout button and is on the logged-out screen.

  • timedOut: The user's session has timed out and they are on the timed-out screen.

TypeScript

If you use TypeScript, you can use this interface to define the properties:

Examples

The Custom Element can be implemented in a number of ways with many different libraries or frameworks. The following examples show how to make a button appear and redirect to the external login provider. You will learn how to use the externalLoginUrl property to redirect to the external login provider. The login form should look like this when you open Umbraco:

When you click the button, the form will submit a POST request to the externalLoginUrl property. The external login provider will then redirect back to the Umbraco site with the user logged in.

Static extension class

The extension class is required to extend on the default authentication implementation in Umbraco CMS. A generic example of such extension class can be seen below.

The BackOfficeUserManager is the ASP.NET Core Identity implementation in Umbraco. It exposes APIs for working with Umbraco Users via the ASP.NET Core Identity including password handling.

Extending

The BackOfficeUserManager can be replaced during startup in order to use your own implementation. This may be required if you want to extend the functionality of the BackOfficeUserManager for things like supporting two-factor authentication(2FA).

Example

You can replace the BackOfficeUserManager in the startup class by using the SetBackOfficeUserManager extension on the IUmbracoBuilder.

You can then implement your custom BackOfficeUserManager, like this. Note the constructor minimum needs to inject what is required for the base BackOfficeUserManager class:

Notifications

• SendEmailNotification
• UserLogoutSuccessNotification

The cookies listed in this article are required only for accessing the Backoffice. You can include these in your own cookie policy, if you wish.

Necessary Cookies

The below cookies are necessary for accessing the Umbraco Backoffice and functioning of the website. They allow you to enjoy the contents and services you request.

The UMB_SESSION cookie is secure if you are using HTTPS pages. However, if you wish to secure the cookie in your code, add the following in the Program.cs file after Build();

For information on the rest of the cookies, see the file on Github.

Here you find some tips and trick for hardening the security of your Umbraco installation.

Lock down access to your Umbraco folder (IIS)

It’s considered a good practice to lock down the Umbraco folder to specific IP addresses and/or IP ranges to ensure this folder is not available to everyone.

The prerequisite of this to work is that you’re using

If you’ve made sure that you’ve installed this on your server we can start locking down our Umbraco folder. This can be down by following these three steps.

1. We are going to lock down /Umbraco/, but because API-controllers and Surface-controller will use the path /umbraco/api/ and /umbraco/surface/ these will also be locked down. Our first rule in the IISRewrite.config will be used to make sure that these are not locked by IP-address.

Some older versions of Umbraco also relied on /umbraco/webservices/ for loadbalancing purposes. If you're loadbalancing you should also add umbraco/webservices to the rule.

1. Get the IP-addresses of your client and write these down like a regular expression. If the IP-addresses are for example 213.3.10.8 and 88.4.43.108 the regular expression would be "213.3.10.8|88.4.43.108".

2. Lock down the Umbraco folder by putting this rule into your IISRewrite-rules

If you now go to /umbraco/ from a different IP-address the login screen will not be rendered.

This tutorial walks through configuring Umbraco and Lucene to be FIPS compliant and serve up websites on a server with FIPS enabled.

What is FIPS?

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 140-2, (FIPS PUB 140-2), is a U.S. government computer security standard used to define approved cryptographic modules. The FIPS 140 standard also sets forth requirements for key generation and for key management.

Microsoft Windows has a "FIPS mode" of operation where it detects the cryptographic algorithms used by software running on it and will throw exceptions if it detects the use of non-FIPS compliant algorithms. Using MD5 hashing is generally the biggest culprit of issues running on FIPS enabled servers.

How can I test my site with FIPS enabled?

FIPS can be enabled through your Local Group Policy, Registry Setting, or Network Adapter setting. For more information about how to enable FIPS mode on Windows see this tutorial: How-to Enable FIPS on Windows

What version of Umbraco is FIPS compliant?

Umbraco 7.6.4+ has implemented checks for when FIPS mode is enabled on the server that it is installed on. When FIPS mode is detected, the cryptographic algorithms for hashing are changed to a FIPS compliant algorithm. When FIPS mode is disabled, then Umbraco uses backward compatible algorithms (MD5) so as not to affect existing installs. As of Umbraco version 7.6.4, the FIPS compliant cryptographic algorithm used is SHA1.

Umbraco 9.0.0 and key dependencies are FIPS compliant

Since Umbraco 9, the dependency to Lucene.NET is updated to version 4+. Thereby are both Umbraco and all key dependencies FIPS compliant.

FAQ

Can I install Umbraco directly on a version of Windows with FIPS mode enabled?

Installing to the FIPS server may not work. It's best to deploy an existing known working version to the FIPS server.

We highly encourage the use of HTTPS on Umbraco websites especially in production environments. By using HTTPS you greatly improve the security of your website.

There are multiple benefits of HTTPS:

• Trust - when your site is delivered over HTTPS your users will see that your site is secured, they are able to view the certificate assigned to your site and know that your site is legitimate

• Removing an attack vector called "Man in the middle" (or network Sniffing)

• Guards against Phishing, an attacker will have a hard time obtaining an authentic Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate

• Google likes HTTPS, it may help your site's rankings

Another benefits of HTTPS is that you are able to use the http2 protocol if your web server and browser support it.

Set UseHttps configuration option

Umbraco allows you to force HTTPS for all backoffice communications by using the following configuration:

In Umbraco 9, set the UseHttps key in appSettings to true.

{
    "Umbraco": {
        "CMS": {
            "Global": {
                "UseHttps": true
            }
        }
    }
}

This options does multiple things when it is turned on:

• Ensures that the backoffice authentication cookie is set to secure only (so it can only be transmitted over https)

• All non-https requests to any backoffice controller is redirected to https

• All self delivered Umbraco requests (those are scheduled publishing, keep alive, etc...) are performed over https

• All Umbraco notification emails with links generated have https links

• All authorization attempts for backoffice handlers and services will be denied if the request is not over https

Redirect traffic in code

The .NET5+ way to handle this, is by adding this HttpsRedirectionMiddleware to your pipeline in Program.cs. This can be done by adding app.UseHttpsRedirection(); before the call to app.UseUmbraco() in the Configure method:

app.UseHttpsRedirection();

    app.UseUmbraco()
        .WithMiddleware(u =>
        {
            u.UseBackOffice();
            u.UseWebsite();
        })
        .WithEndpoints(u =>
        {
            u.UseInstallerEndpoints();
            u.UseBackOfficeEndpoints();
            u.UseWebsiteEndpoints();
        });

Redirect traffic on IIS

Once you enable HTTPS for your site you should redirect all requests to your site to HTTPS. This can be done with an IIS rewrite rule. The IIS rewrite module needs to be installed for this to work, most hosting providers will have that enabled by default.

In your web.config find or add the <system.webServer><rewrite><rules> section and put the following rule in there. This rule will redirect all requests for the site http://mysite.com URL to the secure https://mysite.com URL and respond with a permanent redirect status.

<rule name="HTTP to HTTPS redirect" stopProcessing="true">
    <match url="(.*)" />
    <conditions>
        <add input="{HTTPS}" pattern="off" ignoreCase="true" />
        <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="localhost" negate="true" />
    </conditions>
    <action type="Redirect" url="https://{HTTP_HOST}/{R:1}" redirectType="Permanent" />
</rule>

SSL versus Transport Layer Security (TLS)

In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS), or, formerly, its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) - wikipedia

While the deprecated SSL (2.0 and 3.0) are not supported anymore by modern browsers, some of the Umbraco configuration still uses SSL. But rest assured, that is only the name.

The Rich Text Editor is sanitized on the frontend by default, however, you may want to do this serverside as well. The libraries that are out there tend to have strict dependencies. That is why we will leave it up to you how you want to sanitize the HTML.

Implementing your own IHtmlSanitizer

We have added an abstraction called IHtmlSanitizer, which by default does nothing. You can override it with your own implementation to handle sanitization as you see fit. This interface has a single method: string Sanitize(string html). The output of this method is what will be stored in the database when you save a Rich Text Editor.

To add your own sanitizer you must first create a class the implements the interface:

using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;

namespace MySite.HtmlSanitization;

public class MyHtmlSanitizer : IHtmlSanitizer
{
    public string Sanitize(string html)
    {
        // Sanitize the html parameter here
        return "<h1>Sanitized HTML</h1>";
    }
}

The Sanitize method in this implementation is where you can use a library. You could also use your own sanitizer implementation, to sanitize the Rich Text Editor input.

Now that you've added your own custom IHtmlSanitizer you must register it in the container to replace the existing NoOp sanitizer.

You can register it directly in the Program.cs or use a composer.

The extension method could look like the following:

using Umbraco.Cms.Core.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Extensions;

namespace MySite.HtmlSanitization;

public static class BuilderExtensions
{
    public static IUmbracoBuilder AddHtmlSanitizer(this IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        builder.Services.AddUnique<IHtmlSanitizer, MyHtmlSanitizer>();
        return builder;
    }
}

The extension can then be invoked in the CreateUmbracoBuilder() builder chain in the Program.cs file:

builder.CreateUmbracoBuilder()
    .AddBackOffice()
    .AddWebsite()
    .AddDeliveryApi()
    .AddComposers()
    .AddHtmlSanitizer() // Call you extension method here.
    .Build();

Or you can use a Composer:

using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Extensions;

namespace MySite.HtmlSanitization;

public class SanitizerComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        builder.Services.AddUnique<IHtmlSanitizer, MyHtmlSanitizer>();
    }
}

With your custom sanitizer in place the Rich Text Editor will always contain the "Sanitized HTML" heading. This shows that everything is working as expected, and that whatever your sanitizer returns is what will be saved.

Sometimes it might be necessary to validate the contents of a file before it gets saved to disk when uploading trough the backoffice.

To help with this, Umbraco supplies a FileStreamSecurityValidator that runs all registered IFileStreamSecurityAnalyzer implementations on the file streams it receives from it's different file upload endpoints. When any of the analyzers deem the file to be unsafe, the endpoint disregards the file and shows a relevant validation message where appropriate. This all happens in memory before the stream is written to a temporary file location.

Implementing a FileStreamSecurityValidator

The IFileStreamSecurityAnalyzer needs a single method to be implemented:

• IsConsideredSafe: This method should return false if the analyzer finds a reason not to trust the file

Example FileStreamSecurityAnalyzer

The following class shows how one could potentially guard against Cross-site scripting(XSS) vulnerabilities in an svg file.

public class SvgXssSecurityAnalyzer : IFileStreamSecurityAnalyzer
    {
        public bool ShouldHandle(Stream fileStream)
        {
            // reduce memory footprint by partially reading the file
            var startBuffer = new byte[256];
            var endBuffer = new byte[256];
            fileStream.Read(startBuffer);
            if (endBuffer.Length > fileStream.Length)
                fileStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
            else
                fileStream.Seek(fileStream.Length - endBuffer.Length, SeekOrigin.Begin);
            fileStream.Read(endBuffer);
            var startString = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(startBuffer);
            var endString = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(endBuffer);
            return startString.Contains("<svg")
                   && startString.Contains("xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"")
                   && endString.Contains("/svg>");
        }

        public bool IsConsideredSafe(Stream fileStream)
        {
            var streamReader = new StreamReader(fileStream); // do not use a using as this will dispose of the underlying stream
            var fileContent = streamReader.ReadToEnd();
            return !(fileContent.Contains("<script") && fileContent.Contains("/script>"));
        }
    }

You can register it during startup or with a composer.

This is an example of registering the class with a composer:

public class ServerSideValidationComposer : IComposer
    {
        public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
        {
            builder.Services.AddSingleton<IFileStreamSecurityAnalyzer, SvgXssSecurityAnalyzer>();
        }
    }

Then you can upload a file with the following content to the backoffice and see that it is not persisted.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">

<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
   <polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
   <script type="text/javascript">
      alert('xss');
   </script>
</svg>

Two-factor authentication (2FA) for Umbraco members is activated by implementing an ITwoFactorProvider interface and registering the implementation. The implementation can use third-party packages to archive for example support for authentication apps like Microsoft- or Google Authentication App.

Two-factor authentication for Members

Since Umbraco does not control how the UI is for member login and profile edit. The UI for 2FA is shipped as part of the snippets for macros. These can be used as a starting point, before styling the page as you would like.

Example implementation for Authenticator Apps for Members

In the following example, we will use the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet Package. Despite the name, this package works for both Google and Microsoft authenticator apps. It can be used to generate the QR code needed to activate the app for the website.

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Google.Authenticator;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services;

namespace My.Website;

/// <summary>
/// Model with the required data to setup the authentication app.
/// </summary>
public class QrCodeSetupData
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The secret unique code for the user and this ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </summary>
    public string Secret { get; init; }

    /// <summary>
    /// The SetupCode from the GoogleAuthenticator code.
    /// </summary>
    public SetupCode SetupCode { get; init; }
}

/// <summary>
/// App Authenticator implementation of the ITwoFactorProvider
/// </summary>
public class UmbracoAppAuthenticator : ITwoFactorProvider
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The unique name of the ITwoFactorProvider. This is saved in a constant for reusability.
    /// </summary>
    public const string Name = "UmbracoAppAuthenticator";

    private readonly IMemberService _memberService;

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoAppAuthenticator"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public UmbracoAppAuthenticator(IMemberService memberService)
    {
        _memberService = memberService;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique provider name of ITwoFactorProvider implementation.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This value will be saved in the database to connect the member with this  ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </remarks>
    public string ProviderName => Name;

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the required data to setup this specific ITwoFactorProvider implementation. In this case it will contain the url to the QR-Code and the secret.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="userOrMemberKey">The key of the user or member</param>
    /// <param name="secret">The secret that ensures only this user can connect to the authenticator app</param>
    /// <returns>The required data to setup the authenticator app</returns>
    public Task<object> GetSetupDataAsync(Guid userOrMemberKey, string secret)
    {
        var member = _memberService.GetByKey(userOrMemberKey);

        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        SetupCode setupInfo = twoFactorAuthenticator.GenerateSetupCode("My application name", member.Username, secret, false);
        return Task.FromResult<object>(new QrCodeSetupData()
        {
            SetupCode = setupInfo,
            Secret = secret
        });
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the code and the secret of the user.
    /// </summary>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorPIN(string secret, string code)
    {
        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        return twoFactorAuthenticator.ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, code);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the two factor setup
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Called to confirm the setup of two factor on the user. In this case we confirm in the same way as we login by validating the PIN.</remarks>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorSetup(string secret, string token) => ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, token);
}

First, we create a model with the information required to set up the 2FA provider. Then we implement the ITwoFactorProvider with the use of the TwoFactorAuthenticator from the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet package.

Now we need to register the UmbracoAppAuthenticator implementation. This can be done on the IUmbracoBuilder in your startup or a composer.

using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Extensions;

namespace My.Website;

public class UmbracoAppAuthenticatorComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        var identityBuilder = new MemberIdentityBuilder(builder.Services);
        identityBuilder.AddTwoFactorProvider<UmbracoAppAuthenticator>(UmbracoAppAuthenticator.Name);
    }
}

At this point, the 2FA is active, but no members have set up 2FA yet. The setup of 2FA depends on the type. In the case of App Authenticator, we will add the following to our view showing the edit profile of the member.

@using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services
@using Umbraco.Cms.Web.Website.Controllers
@using Umbraco.Cms.Web.Website.Models
@using My.Website  @* Or whatever your namespace with the QrCodeSetupData model is *@
@inject MemberModelBuilderFactory memberModelBuilderFactory
@inject ITwoFactorLoginService twoFactorLoginService
@{
    // Build a profile model to edit
    var profileModel = await memberModelBuilderFactory
        .CreateProfileModel()
        .BuildForCurrentMemberAsync();

    // Show all two factor providers
    var providerNames = twoFactorLoginService.GetAllProviderNames();
    if (providerNames.Any())
    {
        <div asp-validation-summary="All" class="text-danger"></div>
        foreach (var providerName in providerNames)
        {
            var setupData = await twoFactorLoginService.GetSetupInfoAsync(profileModel.Key, providerName);
            if (setupData is null)
            {
                @using (Html.BeginUmbracoForm<UmbTwoFactorLoginController>(nameof(UmbTwoFactorLoginController.Disable)))
                {
                    <input type="hidden" name="providerName" value="@providerName"/>
                    <button type="submit">Disable @providerName</button>
                }
            }
            else if(setupData is QrCodeSetupData qrCodeSetupData)
            {
                @using (Html.BeginUmbracoForm<UmbTwoFactorLoginController>(nameof(UmbTwoFactorLoginController.ValidateAndSaveSetup)))
                {
                    <h3>Setup @providerName</h3>
                    <img src="@qrCodeSetupData.SetupCode.QrCodeSetupImageUrl"/>
                    <p>Scan the code above with your authenticator app <br /> and enter the resulting code here to validate:</p>
                    <input type="hidden" name="providerName" value="@providerName"  />
                    <input type="hidden" name="secret" value="@qrCodeSetupData.Secret"  />
                    <input type="text" name="code"  />
                    <button type="submit">Validate & save</button>
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

In this razor-code sample, we get the current member's unique key and list all registered ITwoFactorProvider implementations.

If the setupData is null for the specified providerName it means the provider is already set up. In this case, we show a disable button. Otherwise, we check the type and show the UI for how to set up the App Authenticator. We will show the QR Code and an input field to validate the code from the App Authenticator.

The last part required is to use the Login Partial Macro snippet.

Notification when 2FA is requested for a member

When a 2FA login is requested for a member, the MemberTwoFactorRequestedNotification is published. This notification can also be used to send the member a one-time password via e-mail or phone. Even though these 2FA types are not considered secure as App Authentication, it is still a massive improvement compared to no 2FA.

Two-factor authentication for Users

Umbraco controls how the UI is for user login and user edits, but will still need a view for configuring each 2FA provider.

Example implementation for Authenticator Apps for Users

In the following example, we will use the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet Package. Despite the name, this package works for both Google and Microsoft authenticator apps. It can be used to generate the QR code needed to activate the app for the website.

using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using Google.Authenticator;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Models.Membership;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services;

namespace My.Website;

[DataContract]
public class TwoFactorAuthInfo
{
    [DataMember(Name = "qrCodeSetupImageUrl")]
    public string? QrCodeSetupImageUrl { get; set; }

    [DataMember(Name = "secret")]
    public string? Secret { get; set; }
}

/// <summary>
/// App Authenticator implementation of the ITwoFactorProvider
/// </summary>
public class UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator : ITwoFactorProvider
{
    private readonly IUserService _userService;

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique name of the ITwoFactorProvider. This is saved in a constant for reusability.
    /// </summary>
    public const string Name = "UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator";

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator(IUserService userService)
    {
        _userService = userService;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique provider name of ITwoFactorProvider implementation.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This value will be saved in the database to connect the member with this  ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </remarks>
    public string ProviderName => Name;

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the required data to setup this specific ITwoFactorProvider implementation. In this case it will contain the url to the QR-Code and the secret.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="userOrMemberKey">The key of the user or member</param>
    /// <param name="secret">The secret that ensures only this user can connect to the authenticator app</param>
    /// <returns>The required data to setup the authenticator app</returns>
    public Task<object> GetSetupDataAsync(Guid userOrMemberKey, string secret)
    {
        IUser? user = _userService.GetByKey(userOrMemberKey);

        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(user);

        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        SetupCode setupInfo = twoFactorAuthenticator.GenerateSetupCode("My application name", user.Username, secret, false);
        return Task.FromResult<object>(new TwoFactorAuthInfo()
        {
            QrCodeSetupImageUrl = setupInfo.QrCodeSetupImageUrl,
            Secret = secret
        });
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the code and the secret of the user.
    /// </summary>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorPIN(string secret, string code)
    {
        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        return twoFactorAuthenticator.ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, code);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the two factor setup
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Called to confirm the setup of two factor on the user. In this case we confirm in the same way as we login by validating the PIN.</remarks>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorSetup(string secret, string token) => ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, token);
}