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Two-factor Authentication

Umbraco users and members support a two-factor authentication (2FA) abstraction for implementing a 2FA provider of your choice.

Two-factor authentication (2FA) for Umbraco members is activated by implementing an ITwoFactorProvider interface and registering the implementation. The implementation can use third-party packages to archive for example support for authentication apps like Microsoft- or Google Authentication App.

If you are using Umbraco Cloud, you can enable multi-factor authentication in Umbraco ID. For more information, see the Multi-Factor Authentication article.

Two-factor authentication for Members

Since Umbraco does not control how the UI is for member login and profile edit. The UI for 2FA is shipped as part of the snippets for macros. These can be used as a starting point, before styling the page as you would like.

Example implementation for Authenticator Apps for Members

In the following example, we will use the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet Package. Despite the name, this package works for both Google and Microsoft authenticator apps. It can be used to generate the QR code needed to activate the app for the website.

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Google.Authenticator;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services;

namespace My.Website;

/// <summary>
/// Model with the required data to setup the authentication app.
/// </summary>
public class QrCodeSetupData
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The secret unique code for the user and this ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </summary>
    public string Secret { get; init; }

    /// <summary>
    /// The SetupCode from the GoogleAuthenticator code.
    /// </summary>
    public SetupCode SetupCode { get; init; }
}

/// <summary>
/// App Authenticator implementation of the ITwoFactorProvider
/// </summary>
public class UmbracoAppAuthenticator : ITwoFactorProvider
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The unique name of the ITwoFactorProvider. This is saved in a constant for reusability.
    /// </summary>
    public const string Name = "UmbracoAppAuthenticator";

    private readonly IMemberService _memberService;

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoAppAuthenticator"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public UmbracoAppAuthenticator(IMemberService memberService)
    {
        _memberService = memberService;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique provider name of ITwoFactorProvider implementation.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This value will be saved in the database to connect the member with this  ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </remarks>
    public string ProviderName => Name;

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the required data to setup this specific ITwoFactorProvider implementation. In this case it will contain the url to the QR-Code and the secret.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="userOrMemberKey">The key of the user or member</param>
    /// <param name="secret">The secret that ensures only this user can connect to the authenticator app</param>
    /// <returns>The required data to setup the authenticator app</returns>
    public Task<object> GetSetupDataAsync(Guid userOrMemberKey, string secret)
    {
        var member = _memberService.GetByKey(userOrMemberKey);

        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        SetupCode setupInfo = twoFactorAuthenticator.GenerateSetupCode("My application name", member.Username, secret, false);
        return Task.FromResult<object>(new QrCodeSetupData()
        {
            SetupCode = setupInfo,
            Secret = secret
        });
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the code and the secret of the user.
    /// </summary>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorPIN(string secret, string code)
    {
        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        return twoFactorAuthenticator.ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, code);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the two factor setup
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Called to confirm the setup of two factor on the user. In this case we confirm in the same way as we login by validating the PIN.</remarks>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorSetup(string secret, string token) => ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, token);
}

First, we create a model with the information required to set up the 2FA provider. Then we implement the ITwoFactorProvider with the use of the TwoFactorAuthenticator from the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet package.

Now we need to register the UmbracoAppAuthenticator implementation. This can be done on the IUmbracoBuilder in your startup or a composer.

using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Extensions;

namespace My.Website;

public class UmbracoAppAuthenticatorComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        var identityBuilder = new MemberIdentityBuilder(builder.Services);
        identityBuilder.AddTwoFactorProvider<UmbracoAppAuthenticator>(UmbracoAppAuthenticator.Name);
    }
}

At this point, the 2FA is active, but no members have set up 2FA yet. The setup of 2FA depends on the type. In the case of App Authenticator, we will add the following to our view showing the edit profile of the member.

@using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services
@using Umbraco.Cms.Web.Website.Controllers
@using Umbraco.Cms.Web.Website.Models
@using My.Website  @* Or whatever your namespace with the QrCodeSetupData model is *@
@inject MemberModelBuilderFactory memberModelBuilderFactory
@inject ITwoFactorLoginService twoFactorLoginService
@{
    // Build a profile model to edit
    var profileModel = await memberModelBuilderFactory
        .CreateProfileModel()
        .BuildForCurrentMemberAsync();

    // Show all two factor providers
    var providerNames = twoFactorLoginService.GetAllProviderNames();
    if (providerNames.Any())
    {
        <div asp-validation-summary="All" class="text-danger"></div>
        foreach (var providerName in providerNames)
        {
            var setupData = await twoFactorLoginService.GetSetupInfoAsync(profileModel.Key, providerName);
            if (setupData is null)
            {
                @using (Html.BeginUmbracoForm<UmbTwoFactorLoginController>(nameof(UmbTwoFactorLoginController.Disable)))
                {
                    <input type="hidden" name="providerName" value="@providerName"/>
                    <button type="submit">Disable @providerName</button>
                }
            }
            else if(setupData is QrCodeSetupData qrCodeSetupData)
            {
                @using (Html.BeginUmbracoForm<UmbTwoFactorLoginController>(nameof(UmbTwoFactorLoginController.ValidateAndSaveSetup)))
                {
                    <h3>Setup @providerName</h3>
                    <img src="@qrCodeSetupData.SetupCode.QrCodeSetupImageUrl"/>
                    <p>Scan the code above with your authenticator app <br /> and enter the resulting code here to validate:</p>
                    <input type="hidden" name="providerName" value="@providerName"  />
                    <input type="hidden" name="secret" value="@qrCodeSetupData.Secret"  />
                    <input type="text" name="code"  />
                    <button type="submit">Validate & save</button>
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

In this razor-code sample, we get the current member's unique key and list all registered ITwoFactorProvider implementations.

If the setupData is null for the specified providerName it means the provider is already set up. In this case, we show a disable button. Otherwise, we check the type and show the UI for how to set up the App Authenticator. We will show the QR Code and an input field to validate the code from the App Authenticator.

The last part required is to use the Login Partial Macro snippet.

Notification when 2FA is requested for a member

When a 2FA login is requested for a member, the MemberTwoFactorRequestedNotification is published. This notification can also be used to send the member a one-time password via e-mail or phone. Even though these 2FA types are not considered secure as App Authentication, it is still a massive improvement compared to no 2FA.

Two-factor authentication for Users

Umbraco controls how the UI is for user login and user edits, but will still need a view for configuring each 2FA provider.

Example implementation for Authenticator Apps for Users

In the following example, we will use the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet Package. Despite the name, this package works for both Google and Microsoft authenticator apps. It can be used to generate the QR code needed to activate the app for the website.

using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using Google.Authenticator;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Models.Membership;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services;

namespace My.Website;

[DataContract]
public class TwoFactorAuthInfo
{
    [DataMember(Name = "qrCodeSetupImageUrl")]
    public string? QrCodeSetupImageUrl { get; set; }

    [DataMember(Name = "secret")]
    public string? Secret { get; set; }
}

/// <summary>
/// App Authenticator implementation of the ITwoFactorProvider
/// </summary>
public class UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator : ITwoFactorProvider
{
    private readonly IUserService _userService;

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique name of the ITwoFactorProvider. This is saved in a constant for reusability.
    /// </summary>
    public const string Name = "UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator";

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator(IUserService userService)
    {
        _userService = userService;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The unique provider name of ITwoFactorProvider implementation.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This value will be saved in the database to connect the member with this  ITwoFactorProvider.
    /// </remarks>
    public string ProviderName => Name;

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the required data to setup this specific ITwoFactorProvider implementation. In this case it will contain the url to the QR-Code and the secret.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="userOrMemberKey">The key of the user or member</param>
    /// <param name="secret">The secret that ensures only this user can connect to the authenticator app</param>
    /// <returns>The required data to setup the authenticator app</returns>
    public Task<object> GetSetupDataAsync(Guid userOrMemberKey, string secret)
    {
        IUser? user = _userService.GetByKey(userOrMemberKey);

        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(user);

        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        SetupCode setupInfo = twoFactorAuthenticator.GenerateSetupCode("My application name", user.Username, secret, false);
        return Task.FromResult<object>(new TwoFactorAuthInfo()
        {
            QrCodeSetupImageUrl = setupInfo.QrCodeSetupImageUrl,
            Secret = secret
        });
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the code and the secret of the user.
    /// </summary>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorPIN(string secret, string code)
    {
        var twoFactorAuthenticator = new TwoFactorAuthenticator();
        return twoFactorAuthenticator.ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, code);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validated the two factor setup
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Called to confirm the setup of two factor on the user. In this case we confirm in the same way as we login by validating the PIN.</remarks>
    public bool ValidateTwoFactorSetup(string secret, string token) => ValidateTwoFactorPIN(secret, token);
}

First, we create a model with the information required to set up the 2FA provider. Then we implement the ITwoFactorProvider with the use of the TwoFactorAuthenticator from the GoogleAuthenticator NuGet package.

Now we need to register the UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator implementation and the view to show to set up this provider. This can be done on the IUmbracoBuilder in your startup or a composer.

using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.DependencyInjection;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Security;
using Umbraco.Cms.Web.BackOffice.Security;
using Umbraco.Extensions;

namespace My.Website;

public class UmbracoAppAuthenticatorComposer : IComposer
{
    public void Compose(IUmbracoBuilder builder)
    {
        var identityBuilder = new BackOfficeIdentityBuilder(builder.Services);

        identityBuilder.AddTwoFactorProvider<UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator>(UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator.Name);

        builder.Services.Configure<TwoFactorLoginViewOptions>(UmbracoUserAppAuthenticator.Name, options =>
        {
            options.SetupViewPath = "..\\App_Plugins\\TwoFactorProviders\\twoFactorProviderGoogleAuthenticator.html";
        });
    }
}

Now we need to create the view we configured, in the path we choose.

<div ng-controller="CustomCode.TwoFactorProviderGoogleAuthenticator as vm">

  <umb-editor-view ng-cloak>

    <form name="vm.authForm" method="POST" ng-submit="vm.validateAndSave()">

      <umb-editor-header name="vm.title" name-locked="true" hide-alias="true" hide-icon="true" hide-description="true">
      </umb-editor-header>

      <umb-editor-container>

        <umb-box>

          <umb-box-header title="Setup information"></umb-box-header>

          <umb-box-content>

            <div class="control-group text-center">
              <img alt="QR code for Google Authenticator" ng-src="{{vm.qrCodeImageUrl}}" ng-if="vm.qrCodeImageUrl" />
            </div>

            <umb-control-group label-for="token" alias="2facode"
              label="Scan with your authenticator app and enter the code:" required="true">

              <input umb-auto-focus id="2facode" class="-full-width-input input-xlarge" type="text" name="token"
                inputmode="numeric" autocomplete="one-time-code" ng-model="vm.code" localize="placeholder"
                placeholder="@login_2faCodeInputHelp" aria-required="true" required />

              <div ng-messages="vm.authForm.token.$error" role="alert">
                <span class="umb-validation-label" ng-message="token">
                  <localize key="login_2faInvalidCode">Invalid code entered</localize>
                </span>
              </div>

            </umb-control-group>

          </umb-box-content>

        </umb-box>

      </umb-editor-container>

      <umb-editor-footer>

        <umb-editor-footer-content-right>

          <umb-button type="button" button-style="link" label-key="general_close" shortcut="esc" action="vm.close()">
          </umb-button>

          <umb-button state="vm.buttonState" button-style="success" label-key="buttons_save" type="submit"
            disabled="vm.code.length === 0">
          </umb-button>

        </umb-editor-footer-content-right>

      </umb-editor-footer>

    </form>

  </umb-editor-view>

</div>

As this view uses an angular controller, we need to create that class and configure it in the package.manifest.

In package.manifest, we point to the path of the angular controller that we are creating in the next step.

{
  "javascript": [
    "~/App_Plugins/TwoFactorProviders/twoFactorProviderGoogleAuthenticator.controller.js"
  ]
}

And we create the controller in that location:

!(function () {
  "use strict";

  const googleTwoFactorProviderCtrl = [
    '$scope', 'twoFactorLoginResource', 'notificationsService',
    function ($scope, twoFactorLoginResource, notificationsService) {
      const vm = this;

      vm.title = "Setup Google Authenticator on " + $scope.model?.user?.name;
      vm.providerName = $scope.model?.providerName;
      vm.qrCodeImageUrl = "";
      vm.secret = "";
      vm.code = "";
      vm.authForm = {};
      vm.buttonState = "init";

      vm.close = close;
      vm.validateAndSave = validateAndSave;

      function init() {
        vm.buttonState = "init";
        twoFactorLoginResource.setupInfo(vm.providerName)
          .then(function (response) {
            // This response is the model I defined to be returned from ITwoFactorProvider.GetSetupDataAsync
            vm.qrCodeImageUrl = response.qrCodeSetupImageUrl;
            vm.secret = response.secret;
          })
          .catch(function () {
            notificationsService.error("Could not fetch login info");
          });
      }

      function validateAndSave() {
        vm.authForm.token.$setValidity("token", true);
        vm.buttonState = "busy";

        twoFactorLoginResource.validateAndSave(vm.providerName, vm.secret, vm.code)
          .then(function (successful) {

            if (successful) {
              notificationsService.success("Two-factor authentication has successfully been enabled");
              vm.buttonState = "success";
              close();
            } else {
              vm.authForm.token.$setValidity("token", false);
              vm.buttonState = "error";
            }

          })
          .catch(function (error) {
            notificationsService.error(error);
            vm.buttonState = "error";
          });
      }

      function close() {
        if ($scope.model.close) {
          $scope.model.close();
        }
      }

      init();
    }
  ];

  angular.module("umbraco").controller("CustomCode.TwoFactorProviderGoogleAuthenticator", googleTwoFactorProviderCtrl);
})();

At this point, the 2FA is active, but no users have set up 2FA yet.

Each user can now enable the configured 2fa providers on their user. This can be done from the user panel by clicking the user avatar.

When clicking the Configure Two-Factor button, a new panel is shown, listing all enabled two-factor providers.

When clicking Enable on one of these, the configured view for the specific provider will be shown

When the authenticator is enabled correctly, a disable button is shown instead.

To disable the two-factor authentication on your user, it is required to enter the verification code. Otherwise, admins are allowed to disable providers on other users.

If the code is correct, the provider is disabled.

Notification when 2FA is requested for a user

When a 2FA login is requested for a user, the UserTwoFactorRequestedNotification is published. This notification can also be used to send the user a one-time password via e-mail or phone. Even though these 2FA types are not considered secure as App Authentication, it is still a massive improvement compared to no 2FA.

Login with 2FA enabled

When a user with 2FA enabled logs in, they will be presented with a screen to enter the verification code:

While the 2FA is enabled, the user will be presented with this screen after entering the username and password.

If the code is correct, the user will be logged in. If the code is incorrect, the user will be presented with an error message.

This screen is set up to work well with 2FA providers that require a one-time code to be entered. The code field follows best practices for accessibility in terms of labeling and autocompletion.

A user can have more than one 2FA provider activated simultaneously. In this case, the user will be presented with a dropdown to choose which provider to use before entering a code.

Customizing the login screen

The 2FA login screen can be customized. This should be done if you have a 2FA provider that does not require a one-time code to be entered.

You should only customize the 2FA login screen in certain cases, for example:

  • If you have a provider that requires a non-numeric field or additional info.

  • If you have a provider that requires the user to scan a QR code, you should additionally show the QR code.

  • If you need to authenticate the user in a different way than the default AuthenticationController in Umbraco.

You need to create a JavaScript module that exports a default custom element to be used in the login screen. This module should be placed in the App_Plugins folder. The module should be registered using a composer.

In earlier versions of Umbraco up to version 12, you had to define an AngularJS HTML view. This is no longer the case. You can now define a JavaScript module to render a Custom Element instead of the default two-factor login screen.

It is still supported to load an HTML file as a view. However, Umbraco no longer supports AngularJS and the HTML file will be loaded into the DOM as-is. You will have to implement all the logic yourself.

You can use the following code as a starting point. This will give you a view looking like this, where the user can enter a code and click a button to verify the code. This is similar to the built-in view in Umbraco. In a real world scenario, you would probably want to authenticate the user in a different way.

The following code is an example of a custom 2FA login screen using Lit. This is the recommended way of creating a custom 2FA login screen. Lit is a light-weight library that augments the Custom Elements API to provide a declarative, performant, and interoperable way to create web components.

The element registers two properties: providers and returnPath. These properties are used to render the view. The providers property is an array of strings, where each string is the name of a 2FA provider. The returnPath is the path to redirect to after a successful login. Both supplied by the login screen automatically.

~/App_Plugins/TwoFactorProviders/Custom2faLogin.js
import {LitElement, css, html} from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lit/dist@3/core/lit-core.min.js';

class My2faView extends LitElement {
  static get properties() {
    return {
      providers: { type: Array },
      returnPath: { type: String },
      buttonState: { type: String, state: true, attribute: false }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Get the code input field
   */
  get codeField() {
    return this.shadowRoot.querySelector('#code');
  }

  onSubmit(provider) {
    return async (e) => {
      e.preventDefault();
      const form = e.target;

      this.codeField.error = false;

      const isValid = form.checkValidity();
      if (!isValid) {
        return;
      }

      this.buttonState = 'loading';
      const formData = new FormData(form);
      const code = formData.get('code');

      const result = await fetch('backoffice/UmbracoApi/Authentication/PostVerify2faCode', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: JSON.stringify({
          provider,
          code
        }),
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        },
      });

      if (!result.ok) {
        this.codeField.error = true;
        this.codeField.errorMessage = 'Invalid code';
        this.codeField.focus();
        this.buttonState = 'failed';
        return;
      }

      let text = await result.text();
      text = text.split('\n')[1];
      const user = JSON.parse(text);

      this.buttonState = 'success';

      this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('umb-login-success', { bubbles: true, composed: true, detail: user }));

      if (this.returnPath) {
        window.location.href = this.returnPath;
      }
    };
  }

  renderProvider(provider) {
    return html`
      <uui-form>
        <form method="post" @submit=${this.onSubmit(provider)}>
          <h3>${provider}</h3>
          <p>You are about to sign-in with ${provider}.</p>
          <uui-form-layout-item>
            <uui-label for="code" slot="label" required>Type the authentication code from your device</uui-label>
            <uui-input id="code" type="text" name="code" autocomplete="one-time-code" inputmode="numeric" placeholder="123456" required>
              <div slot="prepend">
                <uui-icon name="wand"></uui-icon>
              </div>
            </uui-input>
          </uui-form-layout-item>

          <div>
            <uui-button type="submit" id="button" look="primary" .state=${this.buttonState}>
              <uui-icon name="icon-cloud"></uui-icon>
              Authenticate
            </uui-button>
          </div>

          <div id="error">
            ${this.errorMessage}
          </div>
        </form>
      </uui-form>
    `;
  }

  render() {
    return html`
      ${this.providers.map(provider => this.renderProvider(provider))}
    `;
  }

  static styles = css`
    :host {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
    }
    #button {
      width: 100%;
    }
    #error {
      color: red;
    }
  `;
}

customElements.define('my-2fa-view', My2faView);

export default My2faView;
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